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Zeeman effect - translation to arabic
![Illustration of the bullwhip effect: the final customer places an order (whip), which increasingly distorts interpretations of demand as one proceeds upstream along the [[supply chain]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Bullwhip effect.png?width=200 "Illustration of the bullwhip effect: the final customer places an order (whip), which increasingly distorts interpretations of demand as one proceeds upstream along the [[supply chain]].")
![thermoelectric cooler]]](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Thermoelectric Cooler Diagram.svg?width=200 "thermoelectric cooler]]")
![doped]] and n-doped semiconductors), configured as a [[thermoelectric generator]]. If the load resistor at the bottom is replaced with a [[voltmeter]], the circuit then functions as a temperature-sensing [[thermocouple]].](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Thermoelectric Generator Diagram.svg?width=200 "doped]] and n-doped semiconductors), configured as a [[thermoelectric generator]]. If the load resistor at the bottom is replaced with a [[voltmeter]], the circuit then functions as a temperature-sensing [[thermocouple]].")
Definition
Wikipedia
The Zeeman effect (; Dutch pronunciation: [ˈzeːmɑn]) is the effect of splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of a static magnetic field. It is named after the Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman, who discovered it in 1896 and received a Nobel prize for this discovery. It is analogous to the Stark effect, the splitting of a spectral line into several components in the presence of an electric field. Also similar to the Stark effect, transitions between different components have, in general, different intensities, with some being entirely forbidden (in the dipole approximation), as governed by the selection rules.
Since the distance between the Zeeman sub-levels is a function of magnetic field strength, this effect can be used to measure magnetic field strength, e.g. that of the Sun and other stars or in laboratory plasmas. The Zeeman effect is very important in applications such as nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, electron spin resonance spectroscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. It may also be utilized to improve accuracy in atomic absorption spectroscopy. A theory about the magnetic sense of birds assumes that a protein in the retina is changed due to the Zeeman effect.
When the spectral lines are absorption lines, the effect is called inverse Zeeman effect.
